Adam Clarke's
Bible Commentary in 8 Volumes
Volume 4
The Book of the Prophet Daniel
Chapter
2
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Notes on Chapter 2 Verse 1. The second year of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar— That is, the second year of his reigning alone, for he was king two years before his father’s death. See the Notes on Chapter 1:1. This was therefore the fifth year of his reign, and the fourth of the captivity of Daniel. Nebuchadnezzar dreamed dreams wherewith his spirit was troubled— The dream had made a deep and solemn impression upon his mind; and, having forgotten all but general circumstances, his mind was distressed. Verse 2. The magicians— µymfrj chartummim. See the note on Genesis 41:8. The astrologers— µypça ashshaphim. Perhaps from Pçn nashaph, to breathe, because they laid claim to Divine inspiration; but probably the persons in question were the philosophers and astronomers among the Babylonians. The sorcerers— µypçkm mechashshephim. See the note on Deuteronomy 18:10, and on Exodus 22:18, and Leviticus 19:31, where several of these arts are explained. The Chaldeans— Who these were is difficult to be ascertained. They might be a college of learned men, where all arts and sciences were professed and taught. The Chaldeans were the most ancient philosophers of the world; they might have been originally inhabitants of the Babylonian Irak; and still have preserved to themselves exclusively the name of Chaldeans, to distinguish themselves from other nations and peoples who inhabited the one hundred and twenty provinces of which the Babylonish government was composed. Verse 4. Then spake the Chaldeans to the king in Syriac— tymra aramith, the language of Aram or Syria. What has been generally called the Chaldee.
O king, live for ever— yyj yml[l aklm Malca leolmin cheyi. With these words the Chaldee part of Daniel commences; and continues to the end of the seventh chapter. These kinds of compliments are still in use in the East Indies. A superior gives a blessing to an inferior by saying to him, when the latter is in the act of doing him reverence, “Long life to thee.” A poor man, going into the presence of a king to solicit a favor, uses the same kind of address: O father, thou art the support of the destitute; mayest thou live to old age! — WARD’S Customs. Verse 5. Ye shall be cut in pieces— This was arbitrary and tyrannical in the extreme; but, in the order of God’s providence, it was overruled to serve the most important purpose. Verse 8. That ye would gain the time— The king means either that they wished to prolong the time that he might recollect it, or get indifferent about it; or that they might invent something in the place of it; or make their escape to save their lives, after having packed up their valuables. See ver. 9. Verse 10. There is not a man upon the earth— The thing is utterly impossible to man. This was their decision: and when Daniel gave the dream, with its interpretation, they knew that the spirit of the holy gods was in him. So, even according to their own theology, he was immeasurably greater than the wisest in Babylon or in the world. Verse 13. They sought Daniel and his fellows— As the decree stated that all the wise men of Babylon should be slain, the four young Hebrews, being reputed among the wisest, were considered as sentenced to death also. Verse 14. Captain of the king’s guard— Chief of the king’s executioners or slaughter men. Margin, ayjbt br rab tabachaiya, chief of the butchers, he that took off the heads of those whom the king ordered to be slain, because they had in any case displeased him. “Go and bring me the head of Giaffer.” The honorable butcher went and brought the head in a bag on a dish. It was Herod’s chief butcher that brought the head of John the Baptist in a dish to the delicate daughter of Herodias. This was the custom of the country. No law, no judge, no jury. The will or caprice of the king governed all things. Happy England! know and value thy excellent privileges!
Verse 16. That he would give him time— That is, that he might seek unto God for a revelation of the thing. The Chaldeans dared not even to promise this; they would only pledge themselves for the interpretation, provided the king would furnish the dream. Daniel engages both to find the lost dream, and to give the proper interpretation.
Verse 18. That they would desire mercies— For this Daniel had requested a little time; and doubtless both he and his three companions prayed incessantly till God gave the wished for revelation; but whether it was given that same sight, we do not know. Verse 19. Then was the secret revealed-in a night vision.— Daniel either dreamed it, or it was represented to his mind by an immediate inspiration. Verse 20. Wisdom and might are his— He knows all things, and can do all things. Verse 21. He changeth the times— Time, duration, succession are his, and under his dominion. It is in the course of his providence that one king is put down, and another raised up; and therefore he can distinctly tell what he has purposed to do in the great empires of the earth. Verse 23. I thank thee and praise thee— No wonder he should feel gratitude, when God by this merciful interference had saved both the life of him and his fellows; and was about to reflect the highest credit on the God of the Jews, and on the people themselves. Verse 24. Destroy not the wise men— The decree was suspended till it should be seen whether Daniel could tell the dream, and give its interpretation. Verse 27. Cannot the wise men— Cannot your own able men, aided by your gods, tell you the secret? This question was necessary in order that the king might see the foolishness of depending on the one, or worshipping the other. The soothsayers— One of our old words: “The tellers of truth:” but yrzg gazerin is the name of another class of those curious artists, unless we suppose it to mean the same as the CHALDEANS, ver. 2. They are supposed to be persons who divined by numbers, amulets, etc. There are many conjectures about them, which, whatever learning they show, cast little light upon this place. Verse 28. There is a God in heaven— To distinguish him from those idols, the works of men’s hands; and from the false gods in which the Chaldeans trusted. In the latter days.— A phrase which, in the prophets, generally means the times of the Messiah. God is about to show what shall take place from this time to the latest ages of the world. And the vision most certainly contains a very extensive and consecutive prophecy; which I shall treat more largely at the close of the chapter, giving in the mean time a short exposition. Verse 31. A great image— Representing the four great monarchies. Verse 32. Head was of fine gold— The Babylonish empire, the first and greatest. Breast and his arms of silver— The Medo-Persian empire, under Cyrus, etc. His belly and his thighs of brass— The Macedonian empire, under Alexander the Great, and his successors. Verse 33. His legs of iron— The Roman government. His feet part of iron and part of clay.— The same, mixed with the barbaric nations, and divided into ten kingdoms. See at the end of the chapter. Verse 34. A stone was cut out— The fifth monarchy; the spiritual kingdom of the Lord Jesus, which is to last for ever, and diffuse itself over the whole earth. Verse 35. The stone-became a great mountain— There is the kingdom ba eben, of the stone, and the kingdom of the mountain. See at the end at the chapter. Verse 37. The God of heaven— Not given by thy own gods, nor acquired by thy own skill and prowess; it is a Divine gift. Power— To rule this kingdom. And strength— To defend it against all foes. And glory.— Great honor and dignity. Verse 38. Thou art this head of gold— See on ver. 31-34, and at the end. Verse 44. A kingdom which shall never be destroyed— The extensive and extending empire of Christ. Shall not be left to other people— All the preceding empires have swallowed up each other successively; but this shall remain to the end of the world. Verse 45. The dream is certain— It contains a just representation of things as they shall be. And the interpretation thereof sure.— The parts of the dream being truly explained. Verse 46. The king-fell upon his face— Prostrated himself: this was the fullest act of adoration among the ancients. Worshipped Daniel— Supposing him to be a god, or Divine being. No doubt Daniel forbade him; for to receive this would have been gross idolatry. Verse 47. Your God is a God of gods— He is greater than all others. And a Lord of kings— He governs both in heaven and earth. Verse 48. Made Daniel a great man— By, 1. Giving him many rich gifts. 2. By making him governor over the whole province of Babylon. And, 3. By making him the chief or president over all the wise men. Verse 49. Daniel requested of the king, and he set Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-nego over the affairs of the province of Babylon— He wished his three companions promoted, who had shared his anxieties, and helped him by their prayers. They all had places of trust, in which they could do much good, and prevent much evil. Daniel sat in the gate of the king.— That is, was the chief officer in the palace; and the greatest confidant and counselor of the king. But whatever his influence and that of his friends was, it extended only over the province of Babylon; not through the empire. A DISCOURSE ON NEBUCHADNEZZAR’S DREAM, chap. 2:41-45. I shall now consider this most important vision more at large, and connect it with a portion of the previous history of the Jewish people. The kingdoms of Israel and Judah after a series of the most unparalleled ingratitude and rebellion, against displays of mercy and benevolence, only equaled by their rebellions, were at last, according to repeated threatenings, given over into the hands of their enemies. The inhabitants of the former country were subdued and carried away captives by the Assyrians; and those of the latter, by the Chaldeans. The people of Israel never recovered their ancient territories; and were so disposed of by their conquerors, that they either became amalgamated with the heathen nations, so as to be utterly undistinguishable; or they were transported to some foreign and recluse place of settlement, that the land of their residence, though repeatedly sought for and guessed at, has for more than two thousand years been totally unknown. Judah, after having been harassed by the Chaldeans, Egyptians, and others, was at last invaded by Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon; Jerusalem besieged and taken; and Jehoiachin the king, who had before become tributary to the Babylonians, with his mother, wives, officers of state, and chief military commanders, princes, and mighty men of valor, to the amount of ten thousand; and all the artificers, smiths, etc., to the number of one thousand, with all that were fit for war, he carried captives to Babylon; leaving only the poorest of the people behind, under the government of Mattaniah, son of the late king Josiah, and uncle to Jehoiachin; and, having changed his name to Zedekiah, gave him a nominal authority as king over the wretched remains of the people. Zedekiah, after having reigned nine years, rebelled against Nebuchadnezzar, who, coming against Jerusalem with all his forces, besieged it; and having reduced it to the last extremity by famine, and made a breach in the walls, took the city, pillaged and destroyed the temple by fire, slew the sons of Zedekiah before his face, then put out his eyes, and carried him bound in brazen fetters to Babylon, 2 Kings, chap. 24:and 25. Thus, the temple of GOD, the most glorious building ever laid on the face of the earth, was profaned, pillaged, and burnt, with the king’s palace, and all the houses of the Jewish nobility, in the eleventh year of Zedekiah, — the nineteenth of Nebuchadnezzar, — the first of the forty-eight Olympiad, — the one hundred and sixtieth current year of the era of Nabonassar, — four hundred and twenty-four years, three months, and eight days from the time in which Solomon laid its foundation stone! In the same month in which the city was taken, and the temple burnt, Nebuzar-adan, commander in chief of the Babylonish forces, carried off the spoils of the temple, with the Jewish treasures, and the principal part of the residue of the people; and brought them also to Babylon. And thus Judah was carried away out of her own land, four hundred and sixty-eight years after David began to reign over it; from the division under Rehoboam, three hundred and eighty-eight years; from the destruction of the kingdom of Israel, one hundred and thirty-four years; in the year of the world, three thousand four hundred and sixteen; and before the nativity of our Lord, five hundred and eighty-eight. In the fourth year of Jehoiakim, king of Judah, A.M. 3397, B.C. 607, Nebuchadnezzar, having besieged Jerusalem, and made its king tributary, carried away a number of captives; and among them was the Prophet Daniel, then in his youth, who became, for his wisdom, and knowledge of future events, very eminent at Babylon; and, with some other Jewish captives, great favorites of Nebuchadnezzar the king; who made Daniel president of all the wise men of his city. It was in the second year of the reign of this king, that a circumstance occurred which, though at first it threatened the destruction of the prophet, finally issued in the increase of his reputation and celebrity. As prophecy is one of the strongest proofs of the authenticity of what professes to be a Divine revelation, God endued this man with a large portion of his Spirit, so that he clearly predicted some of the most astonishing political occurrences and changes which have ever taken place on the earth; no less than the rise, distinguishing characteristics, and termination of the FOUR great monarchies or empires, which have been so celebrated in all the histories of the world. And as the Babylonian, under which he then lived, was one of these monarchies, and was shortly to be absorbed by the Medo-Persian, which was to succeed it, he made Nebuchadnezzar, the then reigning monarch, by means of a most singular dream, the particulars of which he had forgotten, the instrument that appeared to give birth to a prediction, in which the ruin of his own empire was foretold; as well as other mighty changes which should take place in the political state of the world, for at least the term of one thousand years next ensuing. Nor did the prophetic Spirit in this eminent man limit his predictions to these; but showed at the same time the origin and nature of that FIFTH monarchy, which, under the great King of kings, should be administered and prevail to the end of time. The dream itself, with its interpretation, and the exact and impressive manner in which the predictions relative to the four great monarchies have been fulfilled, and those which regard the fifth monarchy are in the course of being accomplished, are the subjects to which I wish to call the reader’s most serious and deliberate attention. This image, so circumstantially described from the thirty-eighth to the forty-fourth verse, was, as we learn from the prophet’s general solution, intended to point out the rise and fall of four different empires and states; and the final prevalence and establishment of a fifth empire, that shall never have an end, and which shall commence in the last days, ver. 28; a phrase commonly used in the prophets to signify the times of the Messiah, and in the New Testament, his advent to judge the world. Before we proceed to particular parts, we may remark in general, that the whole account strongly indicates:—
And, 3. The direct inspiration of God immediately teaching his servant things which could be known only to God himself, and thus showing the Babylonians that his prophets had spoken by an unerring Spirit; that the Jews were the depositaries of the true religion; that HE was the only true God; and as he was omniscient, so he was omnipotent; and the things which his wisdom had predicted, his power could and would accomplish. The sum of the account given in this chapter is the following:— 1. Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, in the second year of his reign, about A.M. 3401, and B.C. 603, had a remarkable dream, which, although it made a deep impression on his mind, yet, on his awakening, he found it impossible to recollect; the general impression only remaining.
THE DREAM A vast image, exceedingly luminous, of terrible form, and composed of different substances, appears in a night vision to the king, of which the following is the description:— I. Its head was of fine gold. II. Its breast and arms of silver. III. Its belly and thighs of brass.
VI. A wind carries the whole away, so that no place is found for them. VII. The stone becomes a great mountain, and fills the earth. In order to explain this, certain DATA must be laid down.
Si quis ergo populum Romanum quasi hominem consideret, totamque ejus aetatem percenseat, ut COEPERIT, utque ADOLEVERIT, ut quasi ad quemdam JUVENTAE florem pervenerit; ut postea velut CONSENUERIT, quatuor gradus progressusque ejus inveniet.
Geographers have made similar representations, The Germanic empire, in the totality of its dependent states, has been represented by a map in the form of a man; different parts being pointed out by head, breast, arm, belly, thighs, legs, feet, etc., according to their geographical and political relation to the empire in general.
EXPLANATION The Chaldean empire, called the Assyrian in its commencement, the Chaldean from the country, the Babylonish from its chief city. I. HEAD OF GOLD. This was the first monarchy, begun by Nimrod, A.M. 1771, B.C. 2233, and ending with the death of Belshazzar, A.M. 3466, B.C. 538, after having lasted nearly seventeen hundred years. In the time of Nebuchadnezzar it extended over Chaldea, Assyria, Arabia, Syria, and Palestine. HE, Nebuchadnezzar, was the head or gold. II. BREASTS AND ARMS OF SILVER. The Medo-Persian empire; which properly began under Darius the Mede, allowing him to be the same with Cyaxares, son of Astyages, and uncle to Cyrus the great, son of Cambyses. He first fought under his uncle Cyaxares, defeated Neriglissar, king of the Assyrians, and Craesus, king of the Lydians; and, by the capture of Babylon, B.C. 538, terminated the Chaldean empire. On the death of his father Cambyses, and his uncle Cyaxares, B.C. 536, he became sole governor of the Medes and Persians, and thus established a potent empire on the ruins of that of the Chaldeans. III. BELLY AND THIGHS OF BRASS. The Macedonian or Greek empire, founded by Alexander the Great. He subdued Greece, penetrated into Asia, took Tyre, reduced Egypt, overthrew Darius Codomanus at Arbela, Oct. 2, A.M. 3673, B.C. 331, and thus terminated the Persian monarchy. He crossed the Caucasus, subdued Hyrcania, and penetrated India as far as the Ganges; and having conquered all the countries that lay between the Adriatic sea and this river, the Ganges, he died A.M. 3681, B.C. 323; and after his death his empire became divided among his generals, Cassander, Lysimachus, Ptolemy, and Seleucus. CASSANDER had Macedon and Greece; LYSIMACHUS had Thrace, and those parts of Asia which lay on the Hellespont and Bosphorus; PTOLEMY had Egypt, Lybia, Arabia, Palestine, and Coelesyria; SELEUCUS had Babylon, Media, Susiana, Persia, Assyria, Bactria, Hyrcania, and all other provinces, even to the Ganges. Thus this empire, founded on the ruin of that of the Persians, “had rule over all the earth.” IV. LEGS OF IRON, AND FEET AND TOES OF IRON AND CLAY. I think this means, in the first place, the kingdom of the LAGIDAE, in Egypt; and the kingdom of the SELEUCIDAE, in Syria. And, secondly, the ROMAN empire, which was properly composed of them.
That the two legs of iron meant the kingdom of the Lagidae and that of the Seleucidae, seems strongly intimated by the characters given in the text. “And the fourth kingdom shall be strong as iron. Forasmuch as iron breaketh in pieces and subdueth all things; and as iron that breaketh all these, shall it break in pieces and bruise,” ver. 40. 1. The iron here not only marks the strength of these kingdoms, but also their violence and cruelty towards the people of God. History is full of the miseries which the kings of Egypt and Syria inflicted on the Jews. 2. It is said that these legs should break in pieces and bruise. How many generals and princes were destroyed by Seleucus Nicator, and by Ptolemy, son of Lagus! Seleucus, particularly, could not consider himself secure on his throne till he had destroyed Antigonus, Nicanor, and Demetrius; and Ptolemy endeavored to secure himself by the ruin of Perdiccas, and the rest of his enemies. 3. The dividing of the kingdom, the iron and clayey mixture of the feet, point out the continual divisions which prevailed in those empires; and the mixture of the good and evil qualities which appeared in the successors of Seleucus and Ptolemy; none of them possessing the good qualities of the founders of those monarchies; neither their valor, wisdom, nor prudence. 4. The efforts which these princes made to strengthen their respective governments by alliances, which all proved not only useless but injurious, are here pointed out by their mingling themselves with the seed of men. “But they shall not cleave one to another,” ver. 43. Antiochus Theos, king of Syria, married both Laodice and Berenice, daughters of Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt. Antiochus Magnus, king of Syria, gave his daughter Cleopatra to Ptolemy Epiphanes, king of Egypt; but these marriages, instead of being the means of consolidating the union between those kingdoms, contributed more than any thing else to divide them, and excite the most bloody and destructive wars. In chap. 7:7, the prophet, having the same subject in view, says, “I saw in the night visions, and behold a fourth beast, dreadful and terrible, and strong exceedingly; and it had great iron teeth: it devoured and brake in pieces, and stamped the residue with the feet of it,” and in chap. 8:22: “Now that being broken,” the horn of the rough goat, the Grecian monarchy, “whereas four stood up for it, four kingdoms shall stand up out of the nation, but not in his power.” These and other declarations point out those peculiar circumstances that distinctly mark the kingdom of the Seleucidae, and that of the Lagidae; both of which rose out of the Macedonian or Grecian empire, and both terminated in that of the Romans. 2. These TWO LEGS OF IRON became absorbed in the Roman government, which also partook of the iron nature; strong, military, and extensive in its victories; and by its various conquests united to and amalgamated with itself various nations, some strong, and some weak, so as to be fitly represented in the symbolical image by feet and toes, partly of iron and partly of clay. Thus, as the Lagidae and Seleucidae arose out of the wreck of the Grecian empire; so the Roman empire arose out of their ruin. But the empire became weakened by its conquests; and although, by mingling themselves with the seed of men, that is, by strong leagues, and matrimonial alliances, as mentioned above they endeavored to secure a perpetual sovereignty, yet they did not cleave to each other, and they also were swallowed up by the barbarous northern nations; and thus terminated those four most powerful monarchies. V. “A stone cut out of the mountain without hands.”
Two things may be here distinguished: 1. The government or kingdom of the STONE. 2. The government or kingdom of the MOUNTAIN.
First, The stone began to strike the image, when the apostles went out into every part of the Roman empire, pulling down idolatry, and founding Christian Churches. Secondly, But the great blow was given to the heathen Roman empire by the conversion of Constantine, just at the time when it was an epitome of the four great monarchies, being under the government of FOUR EMPERORS at once, A.D. 308: CONSTANTIUS, who governed Gaul, Spain, and Britain; GALERIUS, who had Illyricum, Thrace and Asia; SEVERUS, who had Italy and Africa; and MAXIMIN, who had the East and Egypt.
In ver. 44, the kingdom of the stone, grown into a great mountain and filling the whole earth, is particularly described by various characters.
According to the ancient tradition there were, 1. Two thousand years void; that is, without the law. 2. Two thousand years under the law. And, 3. Two thousand years under the Messiah. And at the termination of the third the endless Sabbath should commence. The comments on this ancient tradition go on to state, that at the termination of each day’s work of the creation it was said, The evening and the morning were the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth day; but when the Sabbath is introduced, and God is said to rest from his work, and to have hallowed this day, there is no mention of the evening and the morning being the seventh day. That is left without termination; and therefore a proper type of the eternal Sabbath, that rest which remains for the people of God. And are we indeed so near that time when the elements of all things shall be dissolved by fervent heat; when the heavens shall be shrivelled up like a scroll, and the earth and all it contains be burned up? Is the fifth empire, the kingdom of the stone and the kingdom of the mountain, so near its termination? Are all vision and prophecy about to be sealed up, and the whole earth to be illuminated with the bright beams of the Sun of righteousness? Are the finally incorrigible and impenitent about to be swept off the face of the earth by the besom of destruction while the righteous shall be able to lift up their heads with ineffable joy, knowing their final redemption is at hand? Are we so near the eve of that period when “they who turn many to righteousness shall shine as the stars for ever and ever?” What sort of persons should we then be in all holy conversation and godliness? Where is our zeal for God? Where the sounding of our bowels over the perishing nations who have not yet come under the yoke of the Gospel? Multitudes of whom are not under the yoke, because they have never heard of it; and they have not heard of it, because those who enjoy the blessings of the Gospel of Jesus have not felt (or have not obeyed the feeling) the imperious duty of dividing their heavenly bread with those who are famishing with hunger, and giving the water of life to those who are dying of thirst. How shall they appear in that great day when the conquests of the Lion of the tribe of Judah are ended; when the mediatorial kingdom is delivered up unto the Father, and the Judge of quick and dead sits on the great white throne, and to those on his left hand says, “I was hungry, and ye gave me no meat; I was thirsty, and ye gave me no drink.” I say, How shall they appear who have made no exertions to tell the lost nations of the earth the necessity for preparing to meet their God; and showing them the means of doing it, by affording them the blessings of the Gospel of the grace of God? Let us beware lest the stone that struck the motley image, and dashed it to pieces, fall on us, and grind us to powder. Bibles are sent out by millions into heathen countries; but how shall they hear without a preacher; and how shall they understand the things which they read, unless those who know the things of God teach them? Let us haste, then, and send missionaries after the Bibles. God is mightily at work in the earth: let us be workers together with him, that we receive not the grace of God in vain. He that giveth to those poor (emphatically POOR, for they are without God in the world, and consequently without the true riches) lendeth unto the Lord; and let him look what he layeth out, and it shall be paid unto him again. For “he that converteth a sinner from the error of his ways shall save a soul from death, and hide a multitude of sins.” God does not call on us to shake hands with all secular, social, and family comfort, and bid farewell to the whole; and go to the heathen with the glad tidings of great joy: but he loudly calls on us to assist in sending those who, in the true spirit of sacrifice, the love of Christ constraining them, say, “Here are we! O Lord, send US.” Let these servants of God run to and fro; that by their ministry knowledge may be increased. Amen. |